<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Alopecurus japonicus from China

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT JAPANESE FOXTAIL
(Alopecurus japonicus)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

China

INTRODUCTION		JAPANESE FOXTAIL
Japanese Foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In China this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1990 and infests Cereals, and Wheat. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorotoluron and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Japanese Foxtail
Species	Alopecurus japonicus
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	chlorotoluron
Location	China
Year	1990
Situation(s)	Cereals, and Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Tang-Hong Yuan
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Tang-Hong Yuan

Near the city of Shanghai.

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GENERAL

Tang-Hong Yuan

Serious problem in wheat and barley. Single use of chlortoluron for up to 20 years. Single cropping system without cultivation.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Japanese Foxtail biotype with this Japanese Foxtail biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Japanese Foxtail have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Japanese Foxtail from China please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

TANG-HONG YUAN

Shanghai Academy Of Agricultural Sciences Plant Protection Institute 26 No555 Shanghai China Email Tang-Hong Yuan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in China have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Tang-Hong Yuan for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Japanese Foxtail Globally
(Alopecurus japonicus)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

China

1990

Cereals, and Wheat

chlorotoluron

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

China

2007

Canola, and Winter wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and pinoxaden

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

China

2010

Unspecified

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

China

2014

Wheat

fenoxaprop-ethyl, mesosulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, pyribenzoxim, pyroxsulam, and sulfosulfuron

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Specific Papers about this Case

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Tang HuaiWu ; Li Jun ; Dong LiYao ; Dong AiBin ; LüBo ; Zhu XuDong. 2012. Molecular bases for resistance to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor in Japanese foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus). Pest Management Science 68 : 1241 - 1247.

BACKGROUND: Haloxyfop-R-methyl is a widely used herbicide to control Poaceae weeds. Alopecurus japonicus, a widespread annual grass, can no longer be controlled by haloxyfop-R-methyl after continuous use of this herbicide for several years. RESULTS: Dose-response experiments have established that the Js-R biotype of A. japonicas has evolved resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionates (APPs). Target-site enzyme sensitivity experiments have established that the haloxyfop (free acid) rate causing 50% inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) activity (I₅₀) for the resistant (Js-R) biotype is 11 times higher than that for the susceptible (Js-S) biotype. In many cases, resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides is due to a resistant ACCase enzyme. Full-length DNA and mRNA sequences of the plastidic ACCase gene were amplified. Eight single-nucleotide differences were detected in this region. Four of the nucleotide changes were silent mutations. However, the other four nucleotide mutations caused four amino acid substitutions, replacing Arg-1734 with Gly, Met-1738 with Leu, Thr-1739 with Ser and Ile-2041 with Asn in the R biotype respectively; the substitution at position 2041 had been reported, while the other three had not. CONCLUSION: The ACCase in the Js-R biotype was less susceptible to haloxyfop-R-methyl than that in the Js-S biotype. Moreover, the amino acid substitution of Ile-2041 with Asn might confer resistance to haloxyfop-R-methyl in A. japonicas..

Mohamed, I. A. ; Li RunZhi ; You ZhenGuo ; Li ZhaoHu. 2012. Japanese Foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus) resistance to fenoxaprop and pinoxaden in China. Weed Science 60 : 167 - 171.

Japanese foxtail is one of the most common and competitive annual grass weeds of wheat in China. Whole-plant dose-response experiments were conducted with fenoxaprop and pinoxaden to confirm and characterize resistant and susceptible Japanese foxtail populations and to elucidate the basis of resistance to these herbicides. The resistant Japanese foxtail population was 49-fold resistant to fenoxaprop and 16-fold (cross) resistant to pinoxaden relative to the susceptible population, which was susceptible to both fenoxaprop and pinoxaden herbicides. Molecular analysis of resistance confirmed that the Ile₁₇₈₁ to Leu mutation in the resistant population conferred resistance to both fenoxaprop and pinoxaden. This is the first report of cross resistance of Japanese foxtail to pinoxaden in the world and of a target site mutation that corresponded to resistance to both fenoxaprop and pinoxaden in Japanese foxtail. Prior selection pressure from fenoxaprop could result in evolution of resistance to fenoxaprop and cross resistance to pinoxaden in Japanese foxtail population..

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Literature about Similar Cases

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Xu HongLe ; Zhu XuDong ; Wang HongChun ; Li Jun ; Dong LiYao. 2013. Mechanism of resistance to fenoxaprop in Japanese foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus) from China. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 107 : 25 - 31.

Japanese foxtail is one of the most common and troublesome weeds infesting cereal and oilseed rape fields in China. Repeated use during the last three decades of the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide fenoxaprop-P-ethyl to control this weed has resulted in the occurrence of resistance. Dose-response tests established that a population (AHFD-1) from eastern China had evolved high-level resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. Based on the resistance index, this resistant population of A. japonicus is 60.31-fold resistant to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. Subsequently, only a tryptophan to cysteine substitution was identified to confer resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in this resistant population. ACCase activity tests further confirmed this substitution was linked to resistance. This is the first report of the occurrence of Trp-2027-Cys substitution of ACCase in A. japonicus. From whole-plant pot dose-response tests, we confirmed that this population conferred resistance to other APP herbicides, including clodinafop-propargyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, quizalofop-P-ethyl, haloxyfop-R-methyl, cyhalofop-butyl, metamifop, DEN herbicide pinoxaden, but not to CHD herbicides clethodim, sethoxydim. There was also no resistance observed to ALS-inhibiting herbicides sulfosulfuron, mesosulfuron-methyl, flucarbazone-sodium, pyroxsulam, Triazine herbicide prometryne and glyphosate. However, this resistant population was likely to confer slightly (or no) resistant to Urea herbicides chlortoluron and isoproturon..

Menegat, A. ; Kaiser, Y. ; Stephan, A. ; Ni HanWen ; Gerhards, R.. 2012. Chlorophyll fluorescence microscreening as a rapid detection method for herbicide resistance in grass weeds in North China Plain winter wheat production systems and beyond. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 18 : 409 - 418.

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important winter wheat production areas in the world. A double cropping system of winter wheat followed by summer maize in one year is the most common cropping practice in the NCP. However new crops and agricultural practices including chemical weed control measures were recently introduced in this area. Alopecurus spp., Aegilops squarrosa L. and Bromus japonicus Thunb. were found to be the most abundant grass weeds in the NCP winter wheat production system. In 2008 and 2009, A. japonicus seeds were collected from different locations in the NCP to conduct herbicide efficacy studies. Besides conventional glasshouse bioassays a rapid herbicide resistance test has been developed and tested. This new resistance test is based on chlorophyll fluorescence microscreenings for evaluation of the efficacy of herbicides on grass weeds grown in tissue culture plates filled with an agar-herbicide solution. In glasshouse bioassays for chlorotoluron a resistance factor of 3.5 was found for one of the NCP biotypes compared to the sensitive control biotype. The chlorophyll fluorescence microscreening clearly verified this result. Further studies showed that this method is also suitable for other herbicide modes of action like ALS and ACC inhibitors. Furthermore this method is easily transferable to other important grass weeds. Using the chlorophyll fluorescence assay, it becomes possible to evaluate efficacy for a large number of biotypes with a minimum requirement of time and space. Therefore it is well suited for high throughput resistance screenings, especially at locations where glasshouse space is a limiting factor. An accelerated identification of resistant grass weed biotypes and thus a prompt resistance management plan for the field will be of great importance for the North China Plain and other intensive agricultural areas in the world..

Menegat, A. ; Kaiser, Y. ; Stephan, A. ; Ni HanWen ; Gerhards, R.. 2011. Chlorophyll fluorescence microscreening as a rapid detection method for herbicide resistance in grass weeds in North China Plain winter wheat production systems and beyond. : 350 - 358.

Yang CaiHong ; Dong LiYao ; Li Jun ; Yang YuQing. 2007. Study on resistance of Alopecurus japonicus Steud. populations to haloxyfop-R-methyl in oilseed rape fields. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 40 : 2759 - 2765.

The objective of this study was to investigate resistance in A. japonicus to haloxyfop-R-methyl [haloxyfop] and other herbicides with the same mode of action. Eleven A. japonicus populations were collected from different rape fields in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, China, where haloxyfop-R-methyl had been continuously applied for years. The resistance level in A. japonicus to haloxyfop-R-methyl, and cross resistance in the most resistant and susceptible populations to other related herbicides were studied by seed bioassay and whole plant assay. The results confirmed the good correlation between the 2 bioassays. The relative resistance factors for A. japonicus population from Jurong, Jiangsu, to haloxyfop-R-methyl were 61.13 in the seed bioassay and 1 331.68 in the whole plant assay. This result indicated that the Jurong population had evolved resistance to haloxyfop-R-methyl in rape fields. This resistant population was also resistant to other AOPPs, with the level of resistance following the order: fluazifop-p-butyl [fluazifop-P] > quizalofop-p-ethyl [quizalofop-P] > fenoxaprop-p-ethyl [fenoxaprop-P]. However, a relatively low resistance level was observed for sethoxydim, which was a cyclohexanedione herbicide sharing the same target as AOPPs. The results obtained in the laboratory were similar to the results of field experiments..

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