<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Setaria verticillata from Spain

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT BRISTLY FOXTAIL
(Setaria verticillata)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Spain

INTRODUCTION		BRISTLY FOXTAIL
Bristly Foxtail (Setaria verticillata) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Spain this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1992 and infests Corn (maize). Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 20, 2000 )
Common Name	Bristly Foxtail
Species	Setaria verticillata
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	Spain
Year	1992
Situation(s)	Corn (maize)
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Rafael De Prado
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Rafael De Prado

Prado-R-de; Romero-E; Menendez-J; Tena-M; De-Prado-R. 1992. Mechanism of resistance to atrazine in Setaria verticillata and Setaria faberi. In IXe Colloque international sur la biologie des mauvaises herbes, 16-18 September 1992, Dijon, France. 1992, 457-463

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MECHANISM

Rafael De Prado

Growth chamber experiments revealed that atrazine-resistant S.verticillata plants developed from seed collected from both atrazine-treated and non-treated maize fields in the province of Cordoba, whereas atrazine-resistant S. faberi biotypes only developed in the treated fields. The resistance to atrazine of S. verticillata from both situations was apparently due to detoxification by conjugation of the herbicide with glutathione. The atrazine-resistant S. faberi biotype could be explained by a dual mechanism: (i) a lower affinity of the herbicide for the target site in the D1 protein, and (ii) by conjugation. Although the non-treated biotype of S. faberi conjugated glutathione to atrazine, it did so less efficiently than the corresponding resistant biotype.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Bristly Foxtail biotype with this Bristly Foxtail biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Bristly Foxtail have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Bristly Foxtail from Spain indicate that resistance is due to conjugation. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Bristly Foxtail from Spain please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

RAFAEL DE PRADO

Universidad De Cordoba Qvimica Agricola Y Edafologa E T S Ingenieros Agronomos PO Box 119 Cordoba, E-14080, Andalusia Spain Email Rafael De Prado

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Spain have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Rafael De Prado for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Bristly Foxtail Globally
(Setaria verticillata)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Spain

1992

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Calha, Im; Rocha, F; Ruiz-Santaella, Jr; Cruz-Hipolito, He. 2008. Two decades of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal Of Plant Diseases And Protection : 79 - 84.

About 20 years ago the first case of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula was reported: Amaranthus spp. R to atrazine in Spanish orchards. Since then, herbicide resistance has evolved in many weed species. Changes on agricultural practices namely new tillage systems, new rotational programmes, combined with the increased use of herbicides led to the selection of weed biotypes resistant to a wide range of herbicides. Nowadays such a problem affects the most important crops of this Peninsula (maize, wheat, rice, citrus and olive orchards), a spectrum of 26 weed species (14 dicotyledonous and 12 monocotyledonous) with biotypes resistant to several herbicides, namely to ALS inhibitors (Alisma plantago-aquatica, Cyperus difformis, Conyza albida, Aster squamatus, Avena sterilis and Papaver rhoeas), to ACCase inhibitors (Lolium rigidum), to PS II inhibitors (Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. retroflexus, Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Polygonum lapathifolium, Setaria faberi, S. glauca, S. verticillata, S. viridis and Solanum nigrum), to ureas and amides (B. tectorum and Alopecurus myosuroides), to synthetic auxins (E. crus-galli) and more recently to the herbicide glyphosate (C. bonariensis; L. rigidum and L. multiflorum). Diversity of resistance mechanisms responsible for resistance in this Region involved target site resistance, enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism and multiple resistance. This paper reviews the actual situation in Iberian Peninsula and gives a perspective of adequate strategies for weed management considering the resistance mechanism, the availability of alternative herbicides and other cultural practices.

Richardson, R. J. ; Wilson, H. P. ; Armel, G. R. ; Hines, T. E.. 2005. Responses of imidazolinone-resistant corn, several weeds, and two rotational crops to trifloxysulfuron. Weed Technology 19 : 744 - 748.

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in Virginia, USA, in 2000, 2001, and 2002 to evaluate the response of imidazolinone-resistant (IR) maize and selected weeds to trifloxysulfuron applied postemergence (POST). Treatments included a nontreated control and S-metolachlor applied preemergence at 1075 g/ha followed by (fb) trifloxysulfuron POST at 0, 3.8, 7.5, 11.2, and 15 g/ha. IR maize visible injury was less than 6% from field applications of trifloxysulfuron. Visual symptoms were transient, and IR maize yield was not affected by trifloxysulfuron. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), annual grass species (giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)), and carpetweed ( Mollugo verticillata) were controlled by at least 95% by S-metolachlor fb trifloxysulfuron applications. Morningglory species (ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea [Pharbitis hederacea]), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), and tall morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea [Pharbitis purpurea])) were controlled by at least 97% in 2000 and greater than 77% in 2001 from S-metolachlor fb trifloxysulfuron. Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) was not adequately controlled. S-metolachlor alone controlled annual grass species 90% but did not control the broadleaf weeds that were present. Wheat was planted following IR maize harvest, and non-IR maize was planted the following spring. No visible response was observed to rotational wheat or non-IR maize crops. Rotational non-IR maize yield was not affected by trifloxysulfuron and was not different from the yield of maize treated with S-metolachlor alone. In greenhouse studies, IR maize was injured 10% at 10 days after treatment with 380 g/ha trifloxysulfuron POST, but recovery was rapid. Based upon results, trifloxysulfuron may be used as an herbicide in IR maize, and rotational wheat and non-IR maize may be planted at normal intervals after cotton harvest..

Prado, R. A. de ; Franco, A. R.. 2004. Cross-resistance and herbicide metabolism in grass weeds in Europe: biochemical and physiological aspects. Weed Science 52 : 441 - 447.

In Europe, 18 weedy grass species had been confirmed to have biotypes with resistance to herbicides. The most frequent is that of atrazine resistance, with nine resistant biotypes found. These biotypes are mainly resistant because of changes in the D1 protein of photosystem II. All atrazine-resistant biotypes, except that of bristly foxtail (Setaria verticillata), show cross resistance to s-triazine and as-triazines. From an agriculture point of view, the most important cases of resistance are those found in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides), wild oat (Avena fatua), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). In these species, cross- and multiple resistances were observed due to metabolism or changes in the target protein by genetic mutations or both. These biotypes are extremely difficult to control with alternative herbicides..

Prado, R. de ; Lopez-Martinez, N. ; Gonzalez-Gutierrez, J.. 2000. Identification of two mechanisms of atrazine resistance in Setaria faberi and Setaria viridis biotypes. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 67 : 114 - 124.

The effects of atrazine and other triazine herbicides were compared on two biotypes of Setaria faberi and S. viridis that were not controlled by atrazine in maize fields in Spain. S. faberi and S. viridis biotypes from treated maize fields had no significant inhibition of photosynthetic activity following incubation with atrazine (100 µM). The R biotypes of S. faberi and S. viridis were 10.0 and 6.96 times less sensitive to atrazine than the S biotypes, respectively. Results from ED50, absorption and translocation, and fast fluorescence assays showed that S. faberi and S. viridis could have 2 mechanisms of resistance: a detoxification mechanism and a target site mutation in the R biotypes of both species. Hill reaction assays suggested that resistance was due to a mutation in the D1 protein. R and S biotypes detoxified atrazine to a similar extent, but R biotypes metabolized atrazine to conjugate atrazine faster than the S biotypes. Atrazine metabolism analysis was carried out with 5 species of Setaria. The hierarchy of tolerance level to atrazine was: S. verticillata = S. adherens [?S. adhaerens = S. verticilliata] > S. faberi = S. viridis >> S. glauca [S. pumila]. The R biotypes of S. faberi and S. viridis were cross-resistant to all the triazine herbicides used..

Demi̇rci̇, M. ; Nemli̇, Y.. 1998. In vitro studies on detection of trifluralin resistance in Setaria verticillata (L.) P.B. : 73 - 80.

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