<b>HRAC Group 9</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy G) </font> resistant Digitaria sanguinalis from Argentina

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 9 (LEGACY G) RESISTANT LARGE CRABGRASS
(Digitaria sanguinalis)

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Argentina, Western part of Buenos Aires Province

INTRODUCTION		LARGE CRABGRASS
Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Argentina this weed first evolved resistance to Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides in 2019 and infests Soybean. Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (Inhibition of EPSP synthase). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to glyphosate and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Apr 27, 2022 )
Common Name	Large Crabgrass
Species	Digitaria sanguinalis
Group	Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
Herbicides	glyphosate
Location	Argentina, Western part of Buenos Aires Province
Year	2019
Situation(s)	Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Ramón Gigón, and Marcos Yanniccari
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

MECHANISM

Marcos Yanniccari

Pest Management Science - 2022 doi: 10.1002/ps.6940

A novel EPSPS Pro-106-His mutation confers the first case of glyphosate resistance in Digitaria sanguinalis

Marcos Yanniccari¹, José Guadalupe Vázquez-García², Ramón Gigón³, Candelario Palma- Bautista², Martin Vila-Aiub⁴, and Rafael De Prado² ¹ Chacra Experimental Integrada Barrow (MDA-INTA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, National University of La Pampa, Argentina. ²Department of Agroforestry, Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Spain. ³Private Consultant in Weed Control, Argentina. ⁴ Department of Ecology, IFEVA-CONICET, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Digitaria sanguinalis has been identified as a species at high risk of evolving herbicide resistance, but thus far, there are no records of resistance to glyphosate. This species is one of the most common weeds of summer crops in extensive cropping areas in Argentina. This weed shows an extended period of seedling emergence with several overlapping cohorts during spring and summer, and it is commonly controlled with glyphosate. However, a D. sanguinalis population was implicated as a putative glyphosate-resistant biotype based on poor control at recommended glyphosate doses.

RESULTS: The field-collected D. sanguinalis population (Dgs R) from the Rolling Pampas has evolved glyphosate resistance. Differences in plant survival and shikimate levels after field recommended and higher glyphosate doses were evident between Dgs R and the known susceptible (Dgs S) population, and the resistance index was 5.1. No evidence of differential glyphosate absorption, translocation, metabolism, or basal EPSPS activity was found between Dgs S and Dgs R populations; however, a novel EPSPS Pro-106-His point substitution is likely the primary glyphosate resistance endowing mechanism. EPSPS in vitro enzymatic activity demonstrated that an 80-fold higher concentration of glyphosate is required in Dgs R to achieve similar EPSPS activity inhibition as in the Dgs S population.

CONCLUSION: This study reports the first global case of glyphosate resistance in D. sanguinalis. This yet novel transversion at the second position of the EPSPS 106 codon demonstrates the intensity of glyphosate pressure in selecting unexpected glyphosate resistance alleles if they retain EPSPS functionality.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Large Crabgrass biotype with this Large Crabgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 9 resistant Large Crabgrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 9 (Legacy G) resistant Large Crabgrass from Argentina indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 9 (Legacy G) resistant Large Crabgrass from Argentina please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

RAMÓN GIGÓN

Eng.agronomy Master Science weed management ASACIM Azcuenaga 320 TRES ARROYOS, 7500, Buenos Aires Argentina Email Ramón Gigón

MARCOS YANNICCARI

Dr CONICET Chacra Experimental Integrada Barrow RN 3 km 487 cc 50 Tres Arroyos, 7500, Buenos Aires Argentina Email Marcos Yanniccari

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Argentina have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Ramón Gigón, and Marcos Yanniccari for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Large Crabgrass Globally
(Digitaria sanguinalis)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Argentina

2019

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Australia (South Australia)

1993

Onions, and Vegetables

fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and imazethapyr

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Canada (Ontario)

2011

Carrots, and Onions

clethodim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, quizalofop-ethyl, and sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

China

2010

Corn (maize)

nicosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

China

2011

Cotton

quizalofop-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Czech Republic

2005

Railways

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

France

1983

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

France

2005

Carrots

cycloxydim, fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

France

2015

Corn (maize)

foramsulfuron, and nicosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Italy

2006

Soybean

cycloxydim, and fluazifop-butyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

New Zealand

2022

Corn (maize)

nicosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Poland

1995

Orchards

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Switzerland

2021

Corn (maize)

nicosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Wisconsin)

1992

Carrots, and Onions

fluazifop-butyl, and sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

United States (Georgia)

2008

Turf

sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Li, J., M. Li, X. Gao, and F. Fang. 2017. A novel amino acid substitution Trp574Arg in acetolactate synthase (ALS) confers broad resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis).. Pest Management Science doi:10.1002/ps.4651 : .

BACKGROUND Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) is an annual monocotyledonous weed. In recent years, field applications of nicosulfuron have been ineffective in controlling crabgrass populations in Shandong Province, China. To investigate the mechanisms of resistance to nicosulfuron in crabgrass populations, the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene fragment covering known resistance-confering mutation sites was amplified and sequenced.

RESULTS Dose–response experiments suggested that the resistant population SD13 (R) was highly resistant to nicosulfuron (resistance index R/S = 43.7) compared with the sensitive population SD22 (S). ALS gene sequencing revealed a Trp574Arg substitution in the SD13 population, and no other known resistance-conferring mutations were found. In vitro ALS enzyme assays further confirmed that the SD13 population was resistant to all tested ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The resistance pattern experiments revealed that, compared with SD22, the SD13 population exhibited broad-spectrum resistance to nicosulfuron (43.7-fold), imazethapyr (11.4-fold) and flumetsulam (16.1-fold); however, it did not develop resistance to atrazine, mesotrione and topramezone.

CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that Trp574Arg substitution was the main reason for crabgrass resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Trp574Arg substitution in a weed species, and is the first report of target-site mechanisms of herbicide resistance for crabgrass.

Oreja, F. H. ; Bastida, F. ; Gonzalez-Andújar, J. L.. 2012. Simulation of control strategies for decision-making regarding Digitaria sanguinalis in glyphosate-resistant soybeans. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria 39 : 299 - 308.

A bioeconomic model was developed for decision-making regarding large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) control in glyphosate-resistant soybeans in the Rolling Pampas of Argentina. The model was used to evaluate the economic returns of four different glyphosate-based strategies for weed control. In the absence of herbicide application (T1), the soil seed bank increases to an equilibrium density of 12,079 seeds m^-2 in three years. A single herbicide application during the early stages of the crop (T2), which was intended to be highly effective in the control of an early weed cohort, allows a late, unaffected cohort to produce sufficient seeds to maintain population densities in the soil seed bank. A single, delayed herbicide application (T3), which was intended to control both early and late cohorts, results in a soil seed bank increase up to an equilibrium density similar to that achieved without treatment. Two sequential herbicide applications per year (T4), targeting the two cohorts, leads to a soil seed bank density after 10 years of 107 seeds m^-2. Model predictions indicate that in the absence of control measures, a 93% reduction in soybean yield was predicted due to weed interference. The lowest reduction in crop yield (27%) was predicted using strategy T4, which is the most common control measure used by local farmers. This strategy clearly outperforms the other options tested, leading to lower D. sanguinalis seed bank densities and higher soybean yields and economic returns compared to those obtained using the alternative strategies..

Cao HongYu ; Li XiangJu ; Liu ShiYang ; Cui HaiLan ; Niu HongBo. 2011. Study on weed controlling efficiency and safety of glyphosate 41% AS in a transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean field. Weed Science (China) 29 : 22 - 25.

Weed controlling efficacy and safety of glyphosate 41% AS (aqueous solution) were studied in a field planted with transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean plants in Beijing, China from May to November in 2010. The glyphosate 41% AS markedly controlled main weeds such as Amaranthus retroflexus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Acalypha australis. The controlling efficacy on weeds was above 90% at 30 days after application of glyphosate 41% AS at 922.5 g a.i./ha. Glyphosate 41% AS was safe to the four herbicide-resistant soybean cultivars (356043, 87701RR2Y, 06-698 and 07 -1568). There were no injuries occurred in the 4 soybean cultivars when glyphosate 41% AS was applied at 922.5-2460.0 g a.i./ha. The plant height, number of compound leaves, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight of the 4 cultivars did not tend to decline?The yield of the 4 soybean cultivars with application of glyphosate 41% AS at 922.5-2460.0 g a.i./ha increased significantly than the yield in the absence of application..

Abit, M. J. M. ; Al-Khatib, K. ; Olson, B. L. ; Stahlman, P. W. ; Geier, P. W. ; Thompson, C. R. ; Currie, R. S. ; Schlegel, A. J. ; Holman, J. D. ; Hudson, K. A. ; Shoup, D. E. ; Moechnig, M. J. ; Grichar, W. J. ; Bean, B. W.. 2011. Efficacy of postemergence herbicides tankmixes in aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum. Crop Protection 30 : 1623 - 1628.

The development of aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP)-resistant grain sorghum could provide additional opportunities for postemergence herbicide grass control in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted in Texas (Bushland, and Yoakum), Kansas (Dodge City, Garden City, Hays, Manhattan, Colby, Ottawa, and Tribune), and South Dakota (Highmore) to evaluate the efficacy of quizalofop tank mixes in APP-resistant grain sorghum. Quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, 2,4-D, prosulfuron, 2,4-D+metsulfuron methyl, or halosulfuron methyl+dicamba. Herbicides were applied when sorghum was 12-50 cm in height. Overall weed control was greater when quizalofop was applied with other herbicides than when applied alone. At 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), and green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] control were greater than 90% when quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, halosulfuron methyl+dicamba, or prosulfuron. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.) control were greater than 90% in all treatments except when quizalofop was applied alone. Herbicide treatments, except those that included 2,4-D, caused slight to no sorghum injury. Grain sorghum yield was greater for all herbicide treatments compared to the weedy check. This research showed that application of quizalofop in combination with broadleaf weed herbicides provided excellent weed control in sorghum..

Everman, W. J. ; Mayhew, C. R. ; Burton, J. D. ; York, A. C. ; Wilcut, J. W.. 2009. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of ¹⁴C-glufosinate in glufosinate-resistant corn, goosegrass (Eleusine indica), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia). Weed Science 57 : 1 - 5.

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate ¹⁴C-glufosinate absorption, translocation, and metabolism in glufosinate-resistant corn, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and sicklepod. Glufosinate-resistant corn plants were treated at the four-leaf stage, whereas goosegrass, large crabgrass, and sicklepod were treated at 5, 7.5, and 10 cm, respectively. All plants were harvested at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption was less than 20% at all harvest intervals for glufosinate-resistant corn, whereas absorption in goosegrass and large crabgrass increased from approximately 20% 1 HAT to 50 and 76%, respectively, 72 HAT. Absorption of ¹⁴C-glufosinate was greater than 90% 24 HAT in sicklepod. Significant levels of translocation were observed in glufosinate-resistant corn, with ¹⁴C-glufosinate translocated to the region above the treated leaf and the roots up to 41 and 27%, respectively. No significant translocation was detected in any of the weed species at any harvest timing. Metabolites of ¹⁴C-glufosinate were detected in glufosinate-resistant corn and all weed species. Seventy percent of ¹⁴C was attributed to glufosinate metabolites 72 HAT in large crabgrass. Less metabolism was observed for sicklepod, goosegrass, and glufosinate-resistant corn, with metabolites composing less than 45% of detectable radioactivity 72 HAT..

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